Medicinal plants constitute the basis of traditional and modern primary healthcare. Over 80% of the population, mainly of developing countries, depend on traditional and herbal medicine. In the past two decades, there has been substantial growth in the use of medicinal plants to pr event disease and promote health. The current pharmacopeia contains at least 25% plant-based medications; however, the medicinal plants must meet quality, safety, and efficacy standards for proper utilization. One of the most significant difficulties related to quality is that commercial medicinal plants are available in powdered form, making it challenging to identify specific plant parts or plant species (Salmerón-Manzano et al., 2020).

Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksha) belongs to the family Elaeocarpaceae and has been wellknown from ancient times for its medicinal importance (Kumari et al., 2018; Rai et al., 2018; Sharma et al., 2022; Joshi and Kushwaha, 2023). These fruits are commonly found in India, specifically in the Himalayan and Gangetic plain regions, Nepal, Indonesia, and Java. The pharmacological action of Elaeocarpus sp. is due to the presence of bioactive phytochemicals and numerous studies revealed that petroleum ether, ethanol, and water extracts of Elaeocarpus sp. contain several alkaloids (elaeocarpidine, elaeocarpine, rudrakine), polyphenols (flavonoids, quercetin, tannin), phytosterols, fat, carbohydrates, proteins, gallic and ellagic acid (Johns and Lamberton, 1973; Katavic et al., 2007; Sudrajat and Timotius, 2022). The major identified biochemical compounds are isoelaeocarpine, epiisoelaeocarpiline, epielaeocarpiline, alloelaeocarpiline, and pseudo-epiiso-elaeocarpilline (Johns et al., 1970; Katavic et al., 2006; Katavic et al., 2007; Ezeoke et al., 2018; Sudrajat and Timotius, 2022). E. ganitrus beads (Rudraksha) are known for their therapeutic potential against several disorders like stress, anxiety, insomnia, skin diseases, leprosy, hysteria, hyperglycemia, coma, leucorrhoea, infertility, asthma, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, rheumatism, cardiovascular and liver diseases (Rai et al., 2018; Sharma et al., 2022). There are evidences in literature indicating their sedative, analgesic, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiepileptic, hypnotic, antipyretic, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anxiolytic, anti-cancerous, anti-asthmatic, nephroprotective, immune-stimulator, and electromagnetic properties (Ray et al., 1979; Fang et al., 1984; Ito et al., 2002; Katavic et al., 2006; Katavic et al., 2007; Meng et al., 2008; Shitamoto et al., 2010; Pan et al., 2012; Bordoloi et al., 2017; Liyanaarachchi et al., 2018; Kim et al., 2018; Ezeoke et al., 2018; Hong et al., 2019; Ogundele and Das, 2019; Turner et al., 2020; Ogundele et al., 202 1; Kim et al., 2021 ; Banerjee et al., 2022; Joo et al., 2022). A summary of phytochemical investigations on Elaeocarpus species is listed in Table 1.

The plant contains abundant bioactive compounds in different concentrations and polarity. A key challenge in screening plant phytochemical profiles is extraction and characterization methods. The combination of different analytical techniques, such as High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and highperformance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), can be applied to detect bioactive constituents in plant extracts. These analytical techniques are effective for ensuring the quality of raw plant material and can be used to analyze various plant extracts (Nile and Park, 2014). The phytochemical profile of the ethanolic fraction of E. floribundus fruits displayed various biological activities, including antimicrobial (Sircar et al., 2017). HPLC and GC-MS analyses was conducted out to examine the bioactive constituents present in the fruits of E. oblongus, E. serratus, and E. tectorius (Muthuswamya and Senthamarai, 2014; Mundaragi et al., 2019; de Lima et al., 2019). LC-MS combines the separation abilities of liquid chromatography against a target compound. LC-MS profile of E. grandiflorus and E. sphaericus demonstrated the bioactive compounds significantly (Primiani et al., 202 1; Habibah et al., 2021 ).

However, the phytochemical profiling of E. ganitrus using HPLC, LC-MS, and HPTLC has not been reported. Hence, the present investigation aimed to conduct a qualitative and quantitative assessment of phytochemical constituents in the hydroethanolic extract of E. ganitrus leaves using three different analytical techniques: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and highperformance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC).

(±)28,9 -Dehydroelaeocarpine, (±)-Elaeocarpine

Hong et al., 2019 trifluoroacetate, (±)2 9 -Epielaeocarpine cis-N-oxide trifluoroacetate Cucurbitacin F Phaeophytins Rudrakine Cucurbitacins D Triacontanoic Dotriacontane Gallic acid, myricitrin, mearnsitrin, myricetin, and mearnsetin, Phytol, a-tocopherolquinone, Euphorbol, Elaeocarpine, Elaeocarpenine, Isoelaeocarpine, (-)-Isoelaeocarpiline, Grandisine C, D, E, G,

angustifolius dolichostylus flooribundus

Kim et al., 2018; Kim et al., 2021; Joo et al., 2022 Ezeoke et al., 2018 Fresh leaves samples of E. ganitrus were harvested at the Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technology (Deemed-to-be-University), Modipuram, Meerut, India, with the coordinates of the sites, Latitude 29.071274º and Longitude 77.711929º. Leaf samples were rinsed with double distilled water and air dried under shade conditions until all moisture content was gone. The plant samples (2 g) were ground into a fine powder using liquid nitrogen by mortar and pestle. The hydroethanolic extract was prepared by adding 70 % ethanol (10 ml) and incubated for 1 week at room temperature (Figure 1). Following centrifugation and filtration, extracts were lyophilized and stored at -80 ◦C.

Reagents of analytical grade Toluene, Ethyl acetate, Formic acid, Gallic acid, Catechin, Caffeic acid, Berberine, Rutin, Cinnamic acid, and Curcumin were obtained (Sigma-Aldrich, India). Precoated TLC Aluminum sheets silica gel 60F254 (10 x 10 cm, 0.2 mm thick) were obtained from E. Merck Ltd, Mumbai. The extract was diluted in 50 % methanol (1 mg/ml) and USA), equipped with column oven, auto-sampler (Waters 2707), and photodiode array (PDA) detector (Waters 2998), was used for the analyses. A reversed-phase C18 analytical column (4.60×250 mm, 5 μm particle size; Sunfire, Waters, U.S.A.) was utilized at 30 ºC column temperature. Binary gradient was used with 0.1% HCOOH in water (A) and Acetonitrile (B), and a run time of 35 minutes at a flow rate of 1ml/min was used for the analysis. The injection volume was 20 µl (E. ganitrus leaf extracts) and 10 µl (standard mix) at different concentrations. The identities of constituents were also confirmed with a photodiode array (PDA) detector by comparison with ultraviolet (UV) spectra of standards in the wavelength at 280 nm and 325 nm.

The hydroethanolic extract of E. ganitrus leaves was used for LC-MS analysis (Singh et al., 2022). The LC/MS instrument is equipped with an Electron Spray Ionization (ESI) ion source operating in a positive and negative ion mode. The capillary temperature was kept at 280 °C, and the sample flow rate was 8 μL/min. A mass range was selected from 5-01000 Da with a scanning time of 0.2 s. The elution was carried out using 156 gradient elution of 0.1 % formic acid in water (solvent A) and 0.1 % formic acid in 157 acetonitrile (solvent B) with a 400 µl/min flow rate. The solvent gradient program was started with 95-90 % of the mobile phase for 0-5 min, 90-80 % for 5-10 min, 80-60 % for 10-20 min, 60-40 % for 20-30 min, 40 % for 30-45 min, 40-95 % for 45-46 min, followed by 95 % for 46-50 min. Two microlitres of the test solution were used for screening, and the chromatograph was continuously tracked for 45 minutes.

Analysis was performed on a Camag HPTLC system equipped with a sample applicator ATS4, ADC2 development chamber, and TLC Scanner; TLC Visualizer and WinCats integration software were used. The standard solutions of gallic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, berberine, rutin, colchicine, cinnamic acid, and Curcumin were accurately weighed (10 mg), and the solution was made up to 10 ml with methanol (1 mg/ml). From the stock solution of the standards, 0.1 ml was pipetted out and further diluted up to 1 ml to obtain the final concentration of 100 µg/ml. For standard mixture preparation, different standards were mixed to get a 100 ppm final concentration for all standards in methanol. Hydroethanolic extract of E. ganitrus leaves, and the standards were spotted on a precoated TLC Aluminum sheets silica gel 60 F254 (20x10cm, 0.2mm thickness) as 8mm wide bandwidth by using automatic TLC applicator ATS 4,10mm from the bottom. The Mobile phase used was Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (5:4:1v/v). The plates were saturated in ADC2 for 20 min. After development, the plates were dried in ADC2 and scanned at 254 nm, 366, and after derivatization at 540 nm using CAMAG Scanner. The plates were photographed at an optimized wavelength of 254 nm, 366 nm, and 540 nm.

(www.chemspider.com).

The chemical structure for each compound identified in the hydroethanolic extract of E. ganitrus leaves using HPLC, LC-MS, and HPTLC was searched using online database software

Phytochemical profiling of hydroethanolic extracts of E. ganitrus leaves was performed using the HPLC analysis. A binary gradient method for HPLC was developed and optimized. The hydroethanolic extract was analyzed along with the mixture of standard marker compounds. Altogether, 93 phenolic compounds in the leaves of E. ganitrus were identified and quantified, including 2 flavonoid glycosides, 46 flavonoids, 2 glycosides, 1 hydroxycinnamic acid, 1 lignan, 3 phenolic acid, 3 phenolic glycosides, 17 phenols, 2 phenylpropanoid glycoside, 14 polyphenols, 1 tannin, and 1 terpene glycoside using HPLC analysis (Table 2). Each compound was identified and confirmed using its retention time (RT) and UV profile in a photodiode array (PDA) detector under similar conditions (Figure 2 and Figure 3).

The flavonoids, including flavanones, flavanols, flavonols, flavones, and isoflavones, were the most abundant compounds annotated in the hydroethanolic fraction of E. ganitrus leaves (Table 2). Forty six flavonoids were reported including; 2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (72 µg/L) at

RT 6.689, (+)-Gallocatechin 3-0-gallate (86 µg/L) at

RT 7.736, Methylepigallocatechin 3-0 gallate (44 µ g/L) at RT 8.264, Eriocitrin (35 µg/L) at RT 8.597, Naringin (18 µg/L) at RT 8.722, 8-prenylnaringenin (53 µg/L) at RT 8.854, Hesperidin (63 µg/L) at RT 8.895, Hesperetin 3'-0'glucuronide (57 µg/L) at RT 9.081, Apigenin 7-0-apiosylglucuoside (26 µg/L) at RT 9.123, Apigenin 7-0-glucuronide (44 µ g/L) at RT 9.287, Apigenin 6,8-di-C-lucoside (34 µ g/L) at RT 9.377, Chrysoeriol 7-0-glucoside (50 µg/L) at RT 9.514, Apigenin 6-C-glucoside(Isovitexin) (86 µ g/L) at RT 9.676, Patuletin (59 µ g/L) at RT 9.916, 30-glucosyl-(1->6)-[apiosyl (1->2]-glucoside (17 µg/L) at RT 10.12, Quercetin 3-0-xylosylrutinoside (71 µg/L) at RT 10.37, Myricetin 3-0-rutinoside (48 µg/L) at RT 10.48, Quercetin 3-0-glucosyl-xyloside (45 µg/L) at RT 10.51, Kaempferol 3,7-0-diglucoside (38 µg/L) at RT galactoside (71 µg/L) at RT 10.83, Kaempferol 3-0-(2"-rhamnosyl-galactoside)7-Orhamnoside (69 µg/L) at RT 10.95, Rhamnoside (70 µg/L) at RT 11.07, Quercetin 3'-Oglucuronide (37 µg/L) at RT 11.09, Myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside (22 µg/L) at RT 11.27, Quercetin 3-O-arabinoside (78 µg/L) at RT 11.32, Isorhamnetin (25 µg/L) at RT 11.42, Dihydrochalcones (23 µg/L) at RT 11.52, 3-hydroxyphloretin 2'-O-xylosyl-glucoside (67 µg/L) at RT 11.64, 3-hydroxyphloretin 2'-O-glucoside (25 µg/L) at RT 11.71, Peonidin 3-Odiglucoside-5-O-glucoside (55 µg/L) at RT 12.13, Cyanidin 3-O-(6"-p-coumaroyl-glucoside) (14 µg/L) at RT 12.27, Delphinidin 3-O-glucosyl-glucoside (21 µg/L) at RT 12.49, Isopeonidin 3-O-arabinoside (85 µg/L) at RT 12.58, Cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (56 µg/L) at RT 12.63, Pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside (75 µ g/L) at RT 12.77, 6"-O-malonylglycitin (45 µ g/L) at RT 12.89, 5,6,7,3',4'-pentahydroxyisoflavone (81 µg/L) at RT 13.04, 6"-O-acetyldaidzin (10 µg/L) at RT 13.24, Violanone (50 µg/L) at RT 13.39,3'-hydroxydaidzein (55 µ g/L) at RT 13.62, 6"O-acetylglycitin (86 µg/L) at RT 13.79, 3'-hydroxygenistein (32 µg/L) at RT 13.91, Dihydrobiochanin A (14 µg/L) at RT 14.02, 2-dehydro-O-desmethylangolensin (82 µg/L) at RT 14.1, and 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavanone (32 µg/L) at RT 14.35. Various investigations reported the antiviral, anticancer, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities of flavonoids (Muhammad et al., 2019; Yuan et al., 2021; Ortiz et al., 2022; Aboulaghras et al., 2022; Salehi et al., 2020; Ayvaz et al., 2022; Patel et al., 2023).

The second abundant category was phenols, and 17 compounds were recognized including; Galloyl glucose (9 µg/L) at RT 3.749, Hydroxybenzoic acid (59 µ g/L) at RT 3.905, 4hydroxybenzoic acid 4-0 (44 µg/L) at RT 4.021, Hydroxycinnamic acids (79 µg/L) at RT 4.248, Cinnamic acid (73 µg/L) at RT 4.344, 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid (41 µg/L) at RT 4.552, Mcoumaric acid (38 µg/L) at RT 4.63, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-0 (18 µg/L) at RT 4.718, Caffeic acid (45 µg/L) at RT 4.993, Hydroxyphenylacetic acids (39 µg/L) at RT 6.454, 3-hydroxy-3(3hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid (41 µg/L) at RT 7.588, 7-hydroxymatairesinol (15 µg/L) at RT 9.142, Anthocyanins (80 µg/L) at RT 12.01, Coumarin (75 µ g/L) at RT 14.44, Salvianolic acid B (7 µg/L) at RT 14.78, Scopoletin (72 µg/L) at RT 14.82, and 4-vinylsyringol (53 µ g/L) at RT 15.23. Phenols are known to exhibit various pharmacological activities such as., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-adipogenic, antidiabetic anticancer, and neuroprotective (Cardile et al., 2015; Li et al., 2020; Kowalska et al., 2021). hydroethanolic extract of E. ganitrus leaves hydroethanolic fraction of E. ganitrus leaves.

The third abundant category of phytochemicals was polyphenols. The present study detected 14 polyphenols, including 1-sinapoyl-2-feruloylgentiobiose (22 µg/L) at RT 6.434, (+)Catechin 3-0-gallate (72 µg/L) at RT 7.609, (-)-Epigallocatechin (65 µg/L) at RT 7.815, Procyanidin trimer C1 (79 µg/L) at RT 7.961, (-)-Epicatechin 4"-0-(4 µ g/L) at RT 8.263, Procyanidin dimer B1 (76 µg/L) at RT 8.473, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (60 µg/L) at RT µg/L) at RT 11.81, Alkylmethoxyphenols (56 µ g/L) at RT 15.13, Hydroxybenzoketones (65 µg/L) at RT 15.42, 2,3-dihydroxy-1-guaiacylpropanone (10 µg/L) at RT 15.88, and 2-hydroxy4-methoxyacetophenone 5-sulfate (21 µ g/L) at RT 16.48. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites that exhibit multiple

pharmacological activities: anti-infectious, antiinflammatory, cardio-protective, antimicrobial, antiviral, antimutagenic, antihyperglycemic, and anti-allergic (Rue et al., 2018). The major bioactive compounds identified by HPLC analysis were displayed with their classification and pharmacological activities (Table 4). using HPLC

Galloyl glucose Hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-0 Gallic acid Paeoniflorin Hydroxycinnamic acids Cinnamic acid 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid M-coumaric acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-0 Caffeoyl glucose Caffeic acid 3-feruloylquinic acid Ferulic acid 4-0-glucoside RT 3.749 3.905 4.021 4.196 4.211 4.248 4.344 4.552 4.63 4.718 3940 547355 244884 25297 132476 36410 80249 224901 88404 14194 4.848 2004689 54 µg/L 4.993 5.151 32645 562991 5.212 233991 73 µg/L Phenols Phenols Phenols Phenolic acid Glycoside Phenols Phenols Phenols Phenols Phenols Phenylpropanoid glycoside Phenols Phenolic acid Phenolic glycosides Isoferulic acid P-coumaric acid 4-0 glucoside Hydroxytyrosol 4-O-glucoside 8.264 124797 Matairesinol Apigenin 7-0-glucuronide Apigenin 6,8-di-C-lucoside Chrysoeriol 7-0-glucoside (1Quercetin 3-0-xylosyl-rutinoside Myricetin 3-0-rutinoside Quercetin 3-0-glucosyl-xyloside Kaempferol 3,7-0-diglucoside Myricetin 3-0-glucoside Kaempferol rhamnosyl-galactoside 3-0-glucosylKaempferol

3-0-(2"-rhamnosylgalactoside)7-O-rhamnoside Rhamnoside Quercetin 3'-O-glucuronide Myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside Quercetin 3-O-arabinoside Isorhamnetin Dihydrochalcones 3-hydroxyphloretin 2'-O-xylosyl3-hydroxyphloretin 2'-O-glucoside glucoside Phloridzin Anthocyanins Peonidin glucoside 3-O-diglucoside-5-O47 µ g/L 44 µ g/L Delphinidin 3-O-glucosylglucoside Isopeonidin 3-O-arabinoside Cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside Pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside 6"-O-malonylglycitin 5,6,7,3',4'-pentahydroxyisoflavone 6"-O-acetyldaidzin Violanone 3'-hydroxydaidzein 6"-O-acetylglycitin 3'-hydroxygenistein Dihydrobiochanin A 2-dehydro-O-desmethylangolensin 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavanone Coumarin Esculin Salvianolic acid B Scopoletin Alkylmethoxyphenols 4-vinylsyringol Hydroxybenzoketones 2,3-dihydroxy-1guaiacylpropanone 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy acetophenone 5-sulfate 12.27 593935 14 µg/L Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside Flavonoid glycosides

Detailed phytochemical profiling of hydroethanolic extract was performed using LC-MS analysis. LC-MS analysis showed a total of 22 phytochemicals, including 11 flavonoids, 2 polyphenols, 2 hydroxybenzoic acids, 4 hydroxycinnamic acid, 1 phenolic acid, and 2 phenolic aldehydes in a hydroethanolic fraction of E. ganitrus leaves, and the chromatogram was displayed in Figure 4. LC-MS data of the identified compounds with their retention time, responses (frequency), and concentration was provided in Table 3. The major eleven identified compounds were quercetin (803.0215 µg/L) at RT 7.319, Gallic acid (726.13 µg/L) at RT 6.223, Ferullic acid (652.34 µg/L) at RT 7.672, Chlorogenic acid (651.021 µg/L) at RT 8.812, Pinocembrin (264.11 µ g/L) at RT 13.387, p-aminobenzoic acid (251.021 µg/L) at RT 1.678, Epicatechin (246.02 µg/L) at RT 1.336, Catechin (161.51 µg/L) at RT 1.336, Caffeic acid (123.31 µg/L) at RT 9.555, Syringaldehyde (116.31 µg/L) at RT 7.696, and Naringenin (106.31 µg/L) at RT 8.697 (Figure 4 and 5). hydrolethanolic extract of E. ganitrus leaves.

Identified compounds belonged to various classes, including flavonoids, polyphenols, hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, phenolic acid, and phenolic aldehyde. The major bioactive compounds identified by LC-MS analysis were presented along with their classification and pharmacological activities (Table 4). The bioactive compounds have diverse therapeutic potential which includes anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-adipogenic, cardio-protective and neuroprotective activities (Laborda et al., 2018; Imran et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2019; Musial et al., 2020; Gong et al., 2020; Pimpley et al., 2020; Yi et al., 202 1; Mirzaei et al., 2021 ; Dong et al., 2022; Dicks et al., 2022; Bai et al., 2022; Jiang et al., 2022; Wu et al., 2022; De Luca et al., 2022).

4762 2852 5716 29 14924 128 17295 246.02 µg/l 161.51 µg/l

Flavonoids

Flavonoids 251.021 µg/l

Phenolic acids 1.021 µg/l

Flavonoids 726.13 µg/l 2.261 µg/l 803.0215 µg/l

Flavonoids Hydroxybenzoic acid acid Hydroxybenzoic hydroethanolic fraction of E. ganitrus leaves. Cyanidin 3-glucoside Chlorogenic acid Sinapic Acid HPTLC 116.31 µg/l 1.0215 µg/l acid acid acid acid The HPTLC analysis of the hydroethanolic extract of E. ganitrus leaves showed the presence of various phytoconstituents in different concentrations, such as Gallic acid (48.64 %), Curcumin (15.21 %), Caffeic acid (12.19%) and Cinnamic acid (6.50%) (Figure 6). The developed HPTLC method will assist in the standardization of E. ganitrus extract using biologically active chemical markers. Several pharmacological activities of identified phytochemicals exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antibacterial activities due to the presence of bioactive phytochemicals such as phenolic acid, phenols, hydroxycinnamic acid, and flavonoids (Zhang et al., 2019; Mirzaei et al., 202 1; Fu et al., 2021 ; Bai et al., 2022; Jiang et al., 2022). The major bioactive compounds identified by HPTLC analysis were displayed with their classification and pharmacological activities in hydroethanolic extract of E. ganitrus leaves.

desmethylangolensin properties antioxidant Ali et al., 2021 3,4acid (DOPAC) Daidzein (3'hydroxydaidzein) 3-hydroxyphloretin 2'O-xylosyl-glucoside Canolol (4vinylsyringol) dihydroxyphenylacetic inflammatory Liu et al., 2017 Zhang et al., 2 023 Zhu et al., 2022

antifungal Zhao et al., 2023 Deesamer et al., 2007 The phytochemical profile of E. ganitrus leaf extract was characterized using HPLC, LC-MS, and HPTLC analyses. The hydroethanolic fraction of E. ganitrus leaf was found to contain valuable metabolites: phenolic acid, polyphenols, flavonoids, phenols, phenolic glycosides, flavonoid glycosides, terpene glycoside, phenylpropanoid glycoside, hydroxycinnamic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, phenolic aldehyde, lignin, and tannins. The phytochemicals could be employed as potential biochemical markers because different phytochemicals were detected in three studied (HPLC, LC-MS, and HPTLC) analytical techniques. Previous research has shown that Elaeocarpus species contain beneficial bioactive compounds in significant amounts, which have a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Moreover, only a limited number of researches are available on the phytochemical profiling of E. ganitrus. Hence, extensive investigations on phytochemical analysis and pharmacological activities of different fractions of leaf, fruit (bead), and pulp of E. ganitrus would be of much interest using a combination of modern analytical techniques or assays. Further research is required to isolate and characterize individual bioactive compounds and to validate their therapeutic potential.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

This research received no funding support.

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